What Scientists are saying about brain research? What physics, engineering and biology is needed to develop mind control technology? What do scientist believe it takes to decode the brain? What is the level of neurological research today? The answers are conclusive. Will Russian and Soviet scientists develop neurological weapons on animals or humans? It is logical to believe the many claims by victims that brain functions and every nerve of the body can be controlled remotely with current technology.Here is a list of what distinguished scientists are saying about neurotechnologies. These are just a few of many examples.
Russell, Christine.(1976, Feb. 23).Are Computer Hookups to the Brain Next? The Ultimate in Technology Predicted. Washington Star.
"...Such a prospect, dependent upon progress in ' breaking the internal codes of the human mind," might be possible in as little as 20 years or may take "several decades more," according to Dr. Adam V. Reed.[Rockefeller University scientist]. But the 30-year-old experimental psychologist, who was earlier trained as an electrical engineer, expects to see "electronic extensions" of the brain within his own lifetime. His futuristic speculation was part of a symposium on "Man-Computer relations" yesterday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting here. Reed acknowledged the need to protect against the dangerous applications of "thought control" -turning human beings into virtual robots-but his emphasis was on what he saw as potential benefits. ... The main limit, however, is the difficulty of unraveling the internal language of the brain. ..."I think there will necessarily be intermediate steps before people would even want direct hookups," said Dr. John McCarthy of Stanford University's department of computer sciences."
Greenfield, Susan.(1995). Journey to the Centers of the Mind. Towards A Science of Consciousness. W.A. Freeman & Co. NY. Pg. 196.
" If we could explain exactly how consciousness is generated by groups of neurons under certain conditions, it would also mean that we had the ability to manipulate on e another's consciousness to such a degree that it could lead to the effective annihilation of the individual. This specter is comparable to the ultimate, Frankenstein-like feat of the molecular biologist in creating organic life. Whether or not such a world would be a good place in which to live can only again be the stuff of science fiction."
Connor Steve.(1995, May 21).Science:The Last Great Frontier: The Brain is the Ultimate Enigma.The Independent(London).Pg52.
"The human brain is the most complicated structure in the known universe. ...No superlative, it seems, is too grand to explain what is happening to brain research, precisely midway through the international "Decade of the brain" Gerald Fischbach, professor of neurobiology at Harvard, believes philosophers inquiring into the human condition can no longer ignore the brain experiments that are "among the most urgent challenging and exciting" in all of science. "Our survival and probably the survival of this planet depend on a more complete understanding of the human mind." he says. ....
Cornwell, John.(1994,Sept.4).A Mindfield For the Brains Trust.Sunday Times. Lexis-Nexis.
"...Penrose the 62-year old Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at Oxford...who made his name by collaborating with Stephen Hawking in the 1960s on black holes, was drawn to the consciousness debate in the late 1980s... ...In Shadows of the Mind, Penrose demonstrates that mathematics and physics are more central to the problems of consciousness than computer science or even biology. At the same time, he urges that physics must take consciousness into its scope. "...We must look for a feature of the brain," he says, "that can mediate between the microscopic world of quantum physics and our everyday realm of classical physics." According to the view prevalent in neurobiology, brain action is entirely controlled by the interconnected system of "neuron switches" and nothing else: there is no plausible role for the subleties of quantum action. But basing himself on research of Stuart Hameroff, an anaesthetist at the University of Arizona, and the work of Herbert Frohlich, a noted physicist who has made important advances in the study of superconductivity, Penrose believes he has come up with a suitable site and structure for quantum activity in the brain. In his new book he describes how cell structures known as microtubules, found in the branches of neurons (brain cells), have the ability to shrink and expand between the microscopic realms of the quantum and our familiar world of switches," says Penrose. "The microtubules are themselves microscopic tubes made of proteins called tubulins. Each tubulin individually seems to behave something like a switch, increasing neuronal numerosity by something like 10,000m" If Penrose is right, his book may be the first accessible report to a general readership about the site, if not the actual substance, of the Holy Grail of consciousness the precise point where quantum activity interacts with classical physical activity in the brain. ...and by body-soul dualists such as the veteran neurophysiologist Sir John Eccles, who believes that a quantum physical effect mediates our spiritual souls and our physical brains. ... Our conscious brains, he declares, are woven from subtle physical ingredients that somehow enable us to take advantage of the profound organzisation of our mathematically underpinned universe... ...Penrose confesses he is very far from explanations; but he is adamant that no clear answers will come unless the interrelating features of physics, mathematics, biology and psychology are seen to come together...
Jibu, Mari, Hagan, Scott, Hameroff, Stuart R., Pribram, Karl H., Yasue, Kunio.(1993, August 10)Quantum Optical Coherence in Cytoskeletal Microtubules: Implications for Brain Function. BioSystems 32(1994)195-209.
"Abstract 'Laser-like,' long-range coherent quantum phenomena may occur biologically within cytoskeletal microtubules. This paper presents a theoretical prediction of the occurrence in biological media of the phenomena which we term 'superradiance' and 'self-induced transparency'. Interactions between the electric dipole field of water molecules confined within the hollow core of microtubules and the quantized electromagnetic radiation field are considered, and microtubules are theorized to play the roles of non-linear coherent optical devices. Superradiance is a specific quantum mechanical ordering phenomenon with characteristic times much shorter than those of thermal interaction. Consequently, optical signaling(and computation) in microtubules would be free from both thermal noise and loss. Superradiant optical computing in networks of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures may provide a basis for biomolecular cognition and a substrate for consciousness.
Moravec, Hans.(1988). Mind Children The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence.
Editor's note; Moravec is an MIT professor, well-known and was on the Learning Channel on Dec 16, 1997 on the program Future Fantastic. He explains artificial intelligence and replacing the brain with a computer.
"Perhaps, with advances in high-resolution scanning, it will be possible to achieve this effect without messy surgery: you might simply wear some kind of helmet or headband that monitored and altered the interhemispheric traffic with carefully controlled electromagnetic fields.
Rucker, Rudy.(1997, April 25).Imagined Worlds".International Herald Tribune. Pg. 4.
"By Freeman Dyson. ...Harvard. Reviewed by Rudy Rucker. " The dominant science of the 21st century will be biology." [physicist] Dyson expects great advances in two areas of biological knowledge: the gene and the brain. He suggests that the first may give us pet dinosaurs, and the second may bring about "radiotelepathy."..."Radiotelepathy" is a word coined by Dyson to express a surprising but logical idea: You could have something like a cordless phone inside your head. That is, "After the organization of the central nervous system has been explored and understood, the way will be open to develop and use the technology of electromagnetic brain signals."
Dyson, Freeman.(1997)Imagined Worlds.President and Fellows of Harvard College. Acknowledgments.
"This book grew out of a set of lectures given in May 1995 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem... ...The idea of radiotelepathy first appeared, so far as I know, in the science-fiction novel Last and First Men, written by Olaf Stapledon, in 1931, ...in which the cells of a multicellular creature communicate with each other by means of electric and magnetic fields... The chief barrier to progress in neurophysiology is the lack of observational tools. To understand in depth what is going on in the brain, we need tools that can fit inside or between the neurons and transmit reports of neural events to receivers outside. ...observing instruments...with rapid response, high band-width and high spacial resolution...There is no law of physics that declares that such an observational tool to be impossible. We know that high-frequency electromagnetic signals can be propagated through brain tissue for distances of the order of centimeters. We know that microscopic generators and receivers of electromagnetic radiation are possible. We know that modern digital data-handling technology is capable of recording and analyzing the signals emerging from millions of tiny transmitters simultaneously. All that is lacking in order to transform these possibilities into an effective observational tool is the neurological equivalent of integrated-circuit technology. We need a technology that allows us to build and deploy large arrays of small transmitters inside a living brain, just as integrated-circuit technology allows us to build large arrays of small transistors on a chip of silicon. ...Radioneurology is in principle only an extension of the existing technology of magnetic resonance imaging, which also used radio-frequency magnetic fields to observe neural structures. A rough estimate based on the available band-width indicates that a million transmitters could be monitored through each patch of brain surface with size equal to the radio wave-length. The factor of a million is the ratio between the radio band-width, of the order of hundreds of millions of cycles per second, and the band-width of a neuron, of the order of hundred of cycles...."
Greenfield, Susan.(1996, Feb.25).Science: From Socrates to Silicon Chip?; Artificial Intelligence has evolved so far... So are computers nearly conscious? The neuroscientist Susan Greenfield argues that is all depends on what 'conscious means."
" ...Hence there is obviously a strong chemical-selective element in determining consciousness. ..Admittedly, advanced machines are no longer in thrall to digital on/off operations, and a silicon "retina" and "neuron" have been built with analogue (ie dimmer switch) properties.
Superconducting Quantum
Interference Device (SQUID)This is a list of excerpts from books and articles to the demonstrate the level of brain mapping and reading today. SQUID seems to be the basis of classified technology used to read brainwaves remotely. In The Brain Code, Mechanisms of Information Transfer and the Role of the Corpus Callosum by Noram D. Cook, 1986, he writes Phrases such as the 'brain code are used to describe the set of fundamental rules concerning how information is stored and transmitted from site to site within the brain. ...how large groups of neurons transmit the images, thoughts and feelings which we suspect are the fundamental units of our psychological lives. ...The perspective on brain function discussed in the following chapters is not claimed to be a complete unraveling of the brain code, but I do believe that it is the beginning of same and that the direction of future developments is already clearly indicated."
Coyle, Anna.(1992, Sept.14). Science and Technology: The Machine That Watches You Think. Independent(London). Pg.14.
"Doctors and medical scientists soon will be able to watch the human brain "thinking". With the aid of a device no bigger than a pinhead, they will be able to see exactly where and how electrical signals are traveling around the brain. ..."We are aiming to build up an image of where the current is flowing,"says Dr. Steven Swithenby, director of the Biomagnetism group at Open University... ... Squid is the acronym for superconducting quantum interference device, and it measures magnetic flux or field extremely accurately at ultra-low levels, such as the level reached when a group of neurons in the brain is triggered. The device is made of a ring of superconducting material, usually niobium metal, a few millimetres wide, with a slice of insulator, a few atoms thick, sanwiched into the loop. when an electric current is applied to this superconductor, the flowing current generates a magnetic field around the wire loop. Inside the superconducting loop this magnetic field is extremely sensitive to any changes in magnetism. If a change in magnetic field is detected, the current flow in the Squid changes to re-adjust the field strength to counter the external force. ...But there is still the problem of interpreting the information. "We can look at what is going on in the head, but it takes a lot of mathematics to unscramble the whole mess so that we can make a sensible image," Dr. Swithenby says. ... The magnetic field generated by the brain in response to an external stimulus, and measured by the Squid, is about 100 millions times weaker than the Earth's magnetic field, and a million times weaker than the magnetic fields around overhead power cables. ...A less expensive and more practical approach, used at the Open University, is to couple the Squid to another device known as a gradiometer. In effect the gradiometer is a matched pair of (non-superconducting) magnetometers placed between the Squid and the patient's head. One of the pair measures the external magnetic field outside the brain, the other measured the total field, including the contribution from the brain, and the difference between the two is measured by the Squid....The so-called high -temperature superconductors-metal oxides that can work at temperatures of up to 100 degrees above absolute zero- are the next stage in the development of workable machines. ..." In three or four years' time, who knows what Squids will be made of?" Squids are not new: they were first postulated by the theoretical physicist Anthony Leggett at the University of Illinois in the early Eighties."
Author's note. These articles give examples of how thoughts could be detected remotely. It is not impossible, especially with the will to develop this technology before the Soviets do, for example.
Hanley, John M.D.(1985,June17).Aviation Week.Pg. 156.
"...It has never been necessary to stick something into pilots, or anybody else for the purpose of obtaining brainwave signals. It was pointed out 50 years ago by B.H.C. Matthews that non-invasive scalp electrodes provide the necessary sensing, and that is the method most in use around the world today. As for sticking something onto pilots , the evolution of sensors has a branch of non-adhesive, contact electrodes, highly stable examples of which were developed in our Space Biology Laboratory almost 20 years ago under NASA contracts, and put to practical use in a variety of environments, both space and terrestrial. The continued evolution of the electrode has inevitably traversed the path from nonadhesive and contact to remote, non-contact sensing. Fourteen years ago, Adey and Silver, of the University of California at Los Angeles and Aerospace Corp., respectively, at that time, proposed cryomagnetic sensing of the EEG. Magnetoencephalograms were obtained by Cohen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology one year later. Moreover, sophisticated machine recognition of EEG correlates of states of awareness from the subleties of pilot reclination to sleep in the space environment have been achieved within the last two decades. Clearly, dogmatic assertions that present technology has remained at the stick-on or -in electrode and gross delta wave era belong with scriptural championing of slingshots as state-of-the-art weaponry.
No author. (1989, July 5). Magnetic Fields of the Brain. PR Newswire.Lexis-Nexis.
" The human brain is alive with pulsating magnetic fields. ...The brain's nerve cells, called neurons, are triggered by small electrical currents. This has been known for decades and doctors routinely record the intensity and patterns of these electrical brain waves. ...Today, highly sensitive detectors can spot even these faint magnetic fields and [physicist Samuel] Williamson a member of the American Physical Society, and his colleagues are busy mapping the brain's magnetic activity. Every brain function, from imagining a pay raise to lifting a forefinger, uses the neurons of a specific location. Detecting magnetic fields can pinpoint these geographical areas. In one instance, Williamson discovered which part of the brain generated a magnetic field when a subject moved a forefinger. Moving the thumb produced fields from a slightly different spot. "Our sensory and motor systems are tied to highly specific brain areas," says Williamson. "in one experiment we passed a brushover the tip-center and base of a person's finger. We found that this produced magnetic fields from three distinct areas of the brain." Magnetic research of the brain is of great interest to surgeons, doctors, and psychologists. With this tool specific brain locations are being linked to specific body activities. In the area of psychology, monitoring the brain's magnetic activity is helping determine the nature of imagination and thought processes. ...this feature is from the American Institute of Physics' Science Report."
No author.(1996,Oct.8).Pictoral Proof of Brain Damage Caused by Cocaine and Alcohol Seen in New Quantitative EEG Studies:BEAM Study Provides New Light on Brain Disorders. PR Newswire.
"Measurements of "brain waves" using state-of -the-art quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) -- or brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) demonstrate that both cocaine and alcohol abuse/dependence significantly worsen such pre-existing brain abnormalities as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depression, mental distress, anxiety disorder, and paranoid schizophrenia, according to medical research by Eric R. Braverman, MD. and Kenneth Blum, Ph.D. both affiliated with the PATH Foundation, a not-for-profit scientific foundation of Princeton, New Jersey. ...since they[QEEG and BEAM] are relatively easily, quick and potentially inexpensive to administer...Unlike other brain imaging techniques, it can be administered in a doctor's office. ...Other work by Drs. Braverman and Blum, as well as by other researchers, suggests that a mentally ill population--including teens and adults--have strongly disturbed brain waves even prior to their substance abuse. This study again documents that the mentally ill population have brain electrical and chemical imbalances. ...BEAM is a brain stress test using light, sound, cognition, and electrical stimulation to generate dramatic pictures of total brain health..
High-temperature Superconductors
(HTSC) contains the theory and basis for the technology used for remotely detecting brainwaves from a distance. Currently the military is developing it for remote sensing. While this may not be the classified mind reading technology used today, the point is to see that the level of technology is possible and the scientific theory behind mind reading can be figured out, even if it is classified. Please note that the Jonathan Tennenbaum article mentions HTSC and it's use for mind control weapons. Here is a list of articles on HTSC with brief comments.
Hewish, Mark.(1992,June 1). High-temperature Superconductors. International Defense Review. Vol.25. No.6; Pg. 624.
"The United States government Office Of Technology Assessment believes that electronic components using high-temperature superconductors(HTSCs) will be available by the mid-1990s. ... DARPA(the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has awarded several contracts for work on HTSCs. E-Systems'Melpar Division leads a team--including several universities and specialist companies such as Superconductor Technologies and Conductus--that has a $9.7 million contract from the agency to demonstrate a feasible approach to defense applications of HTSCs by 1994. ... HTSCs first made their appearance in 1986, when two researchers at the IBM laboratories in Zurich--who won a Nobel prize for their work...Radio-frequency energy encounters some resistance even in a superconductor, but this is negligible at frequencies below 1 GHz. ... Most radars of military interest operate at frequencies below 120GHz... ...Superconductors additionally exhibit the Meissner effect. A magnetic field will not penetrate a superconductor cooled to below its transition temperature. This effect is exploited in electromagnetic rail guns, and superconductors are also almost perfect materials for magnetic and electromagnetic shielding. SQUIDs(superconducting quantum interference devices) have military applications in magnetometers used to detect submarines and mines. SQUIDs can detect the most tenuous magnetic fields, even those generated by brain cells. They exploit the properties of a Josephson junction, which is constructed from two superconductors separated by a non-superconducting layer. Lockheed has built an HTSC SQUID... ...The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911, but the first high-temperature superconductors(HTSCs) did not become available until 75 years later.
Rose, Stephen.(1994, Dec.1). Off Line: The Life of Brain. Guardian(London). Pg.14.
"... Helsinki is the site for Europe's most powerful neuromagnetic measuring system. ...In 1929, the Swiss amateur physiologist Hans Berger taped a set of recoding electrodes to a person's scalp and found he could record continuous bursts of electricity pulsing through the brain. ...As every O-level student knows, where there is an electric current, there is a magnetic field at right angles to it . So too in the brain - except that because the currents are tiny, so are the magnetic fields, around one millionth billionth of a Tesla. ...Then you can measure the oscillating millisecond fluxes of the brain in real time. Furthermore, unlike the EEG, granted enough mathematical sophistication and computing power, you get a good idea of the location of the electromagnetic source in the brain. In Helsinki the neuromag is linked to an online recording system that enables an experimenter sitting outside the sealed room to scan the records of the 122 channels arrayed across the inmate's head, I was strongly reminded of that ancient philosopher's dream, a 'cerebroscope' that would enable a person to observe their own thoughts. Magnetoencephalography is the nearest neuroscience has yet got to such an instrument...."
Editor's note. The above article in bold describes as briefly as can be done, the probable scientific basis for reading thoughts remotely. It is scientifically possible. The major details almost certainly are classified.
No author.(1990, Sept.17). Professor Guy Deutshcer Joins Xsirius Superconductivity Inc.PR Newswire. Lexis-Nexis.
"Xsirius Superconductivity Inc. ...,a Scottsdale firm engaged in commercializing high-temperature superconductors, announced recently that Dr. Guy Deutscher has agreed to serve as a key consultant for the company in its international effort to bring high-temperature superconductors to the marketplace. Deuthscher is one of the key innovators of the important superconducting device--the "SQUID" or Superconducting Quantum Interference Device" and holds a patent for this device. SQUIDS are used to detect extremely weak magnetic fields and are potentially useful in such applications as submarine detection and in measuring subtle electromagnetic signals from the brain. Deutscher has been professor of physics at Tel Aviv University since 1973. ..and has since established a reputation as a world-renowned authority in the field of superconductivity."
Editor's note; The following article states that remote sensing technology can be fixed in satellites. It is not impossible to develop a method for remotely reading brainwaves. The level of technology is here today.
No author.(1990,July12).Federal Germany Develops Superconductive Antenna For Space and Medical Use. Xinhua General Overseas News Service. Lexis-Nexis.
"... has successfully developed a superconductive antenna for space and medical use. The antenna, made of high-temperature superconductor, can be fixed in satellites to receive the electromagnetic wave emitted by earth so that researcher can exactly determine the humidity in soil and the content of water vapour. The antenna can also be installed in medial instruments to help doctors determine the faint signals from brain and heart."
Brown, Malcolm.(1989,June6).Hopes for Superconductivity Begin to Fade.New York Times.Section C.P. 1.
"...[American Superconductor Corp.]The company was founded two years ago in collaboration with scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to create high-temperature superconducting wire. ...Conductus Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., which draws expertise from scientists at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley..."
Editor's note. The above article also shows how universities, the military and private business are working closely on military technology.
No author.(1997,June16).Superconductive Magnetic Shield: Hitachi Group. Comline Daily News Electronics. Lexis Nexis.
"Japan Science Foundation(JSF) has certified that Hitachi Chemical Co. and Hitachi Cable,Ltd. have successfully developed "manufacturing technology for bismuth-lineage superconductive magnetic shields." JSF, which consigned the project to the two companies, claims the shields are much smaller and consume considerably less energy than existing types. One superconductive shield, developed by Hitachi chemical, will be used for measuring weak biological magnetic fields.... ...According to JSF sources, the former shield can dampen external magnetism by more than five digits and the later to a level close to that of geomagnetism.
Editors note. The scientists are stating that the technology is possible and many other articles below indicate the interest and level of technology today. Mind Control technology is a growing area of research and victims claims of remote reading of thoughts is possible, especially since this book only lists unclassified sources.
Military and Government Research
Here is a list of articles on what the military and government are researching and how they are developing this technology. There is research into detecting and using every body signal including brainwaves, for example for pilots to fly using their thoughts and for soldiers and remote battlefield medicine. Victims claims are not farfetched. It becomes clear that the technology can be tied to victim's allegations.
Marsh, Alton K.(1979, Jan.29). USAF Studies Arming Weapons Vocally. Aviation Week. Pg. 239.
" ...Thus far the research has resulted in the ability to predict the perception and recognition of letters. ...The area of evoked brain response development and applications holds promise as a method of automatically compensating for pilot fatigue. It can also assure the pilot will not make errors during the flight, by taking the pilot's brain waves through unobtrusive sponge sensors in the flight helmet. Evoked response refers to "driving" the brain, forcing it to emit brain waves at regular intervals, either through use of light flashes in the eyes or laboratory-generated clicks in the ears. It is research that has come into its own only in the last two years. By measuring the amplitude of the brain waves generated, fatigue of the pilot can be recognized. By increasing the brightness of the instrumental panel lights, the amplitude of the brain waves can be returned to their normal height, thus compensating for fatigue. To get the "evoked response" from the pilot's brain, the instrument panel lights could be made to flash so fast that the pilot would not be aware of the flashes . Researchers think the brain can "register" up to 145 flickers per second, Lt. Col Robert D. O'Donnell, an experimental psychologist, said. It also could be used to prevent errors , since scientists have discovered that responses occurring after the wave could be "locked out" electronically, preventing a pilot from making an error, O'Donnell said. ...The follow-on system aims a small amount of near-infrared light into the subject's eye, causing a spot of light to be reflected off the cornea. The spot is picked up by a remote oculometer and fed to a computer, which calculates the angle between the center of the eye pupil and the spot. ...Later, after the remote oculometer has been combined with more advanced simulation capabilities, work will be directed toward a helmet-mounted oculometer to track eye movement.
Uhlig, Robert.(1997?). The End of Death: "Soul Catcher" Computer Chip Due.Electronic Telegraph(England)(From CNI News).
"A computer chip implanted behind the eye that could record a person's every lifetime thought and sensation is to be developed by British scientists. ..Dr. Chris Winter, of British Telecom's(BT) artificial life team. Dr. Winter's team of eight scientists at BT's Martlesham Heath Laboratories near Ipswich calls the chip the 'Soul Catcher.'BT's official futurologist, has measured the flow of impulses from the optical nerve and nerves in the skin, tongue, ear, and nose...."For example, police would be able to use it to relive an attack, rape, or murder from the victim's viewpoint to help catch the criminal." Editor's note. Delores Hejazi claimed to have experienced this. See CAHRA [now Mind Justice] website under Intelligence tools.
No author.(1985,Sept.)Advanced Technology Report.Defense & Foreign Affairs.Pg.35.
"...In California, it is rumored, a University-sponsored experiment has found that brain waves emitted by patient volunteers in a mental hospital have successfully controlled the switching of electric trains, making them go and stop at will. ... Sources said it even has a name by which it is known around DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency): a "psychotronics."
Gourley, Scott et al.(1995, August1).Saving Lives While Saving Money: Military Medicine Moves From MASH to Start Trek. International Defense Review.Vol.28.No.8.Pg.45.
"...The US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Laboratory(PNL), in collaboration with the Madigan Army Medical Center, is developing an Advanced Imaging System(AIMS) that uses ultrasound to locate and monitor internal injuries. ...Over the next three years, PNL and Madigan will develop a portable field prototype consisting of an imaging array, with 1024 transducers, measuring 5x5cm; ...If initial work on AIMS is successful, it could be followed by two further phases. The first of these, lasting two years, would replace the earlier transducer array with a conformal gel blanket have an area of some 2500cm. a subset of the array, placed around a body cavity, would be sequentially scanned to generate a larger and more detailed image. ...a possible further phase, lasting three years, would involve developing an " imaging bed" with an area of 1000cm. This would contain an array of high-resolution ultrasonic transducers and perform additional functions, such as magnetic-resonance imaging, and ... ...PNL says that is may even be possible, by this stage, to monitor the patient's brain by using advanced electromagnetic sensors."
Bucholtz,Chris.(1995, May3).Thought Control A Step Nearer.Flight International.Lexis-Nexis.
"Scientist at the Aeronautical Systems Centre (ASC) at the US Air Force's Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, are studying the use of brain-actuated control techniques as a means of controlling aircraft. ...In the past, the problem with thought-control techniques has been discerning the faint electromagnetic brain signals which accompany voluntary thought from the flurry of "background noise" in the brain caused by everyday activity. In the ASC experiments, pilots in a simulator face two fluorescent lights, which pulse at 13.25 Hz. This causes nerve cells in the subject's visual cortex to fire at the same frequency. Electrodes on their heads detect the resulting brain-wave patterns, feeding them to an amplifier and a filter. The filter picks out the 13.25.Hz waves and measures their power. A bar scale displays a measurement of these waves, which allows the subjects to learn how to vary the intensity of their brain responses. On the simulator, heightened intensities cause it to bank to the right; depressed intensities cause it to bank to the left. ..."They say it's like learning to walk..." Project physicist John Schnurer adds..."
Scott, William.(1994,Aug.15).No title.Aviation Week and Space Technology.
"... For more than 30 years, the U.S. military services have been intrigued with the concept of linking human brains with computers or other hardware. A retired colonel confirmed that the Army conducted experiments in the 1960s aimed at controlling air defense missiles with brainwaves. More recent research attempted to improve the combat performance of U.S. special forces, which rely on critical timing and zero-margin teamwork. ...An industry scientist said that the Army's Research Institute worked on a variety of "neurotechnologies" in the mid-1980s, ostensibly abandoning the program--although there are indications to the contrary. Since these activities were classified, military officers will not comment on the success or failure of such programs. In any event, more than 2,000 "white world" technical papers and research reports describe aspects of neurophysiological work in the U.S., Europe and the former Soviet Union. Only recently, however, has there been a concerted effort to harness research results and convert them to concrete applications. ...M Barry Sterman...A 30 year veteran of neurophysiology research, Sterman is a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine...Sterman's focus is on "neuroregulation," a term that highlights the neurological response to cognitive demands {of B-2 pilots]... ..A pioneer in this effort is Advanced Neurotechnologies, Inc.(ANI) of Colorado Springs, Colo. Its founder, Richard Patton, combined a personal computer, sensors, commercial electronics, a Motorola 56000 digital signal processor and proprietary software routines to create what he calls the "BrainLink" system. Sensors attached to a headband--or adhered directly on the client's scalp--detect brainwaves that approximate a traditional electroencephalogram(EEG). Signals are amplified and converted from analog to a digital format, then fed to a Motorola digital signal processor. The DSP performs a high-resolution fast-Fourier transform, converting the time-domain brainwave signals to the frequency domain. ...teaches a client to control the display and tones, which correlate to desired brainwave patterns associated with specific mental states."
No author.(1996,March 12).ARPA Battlefield Care Project to Shake Up Medicine. Armed Forces Newswire Service.
" DOD's Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) has quietly ignited the most radical series of technological changes to hit the practice of medicine since the invention of X-rays. ARPA's medical-technology stable includes an array of high-fidelity virtual-reality medical training and diagnostic simulators; satellite-aided tele-diagnostics for soldiers, now being used for Bosnia operations; tiny embedded diagnostic sensors; telerobots that let remote MASH surgeons operate on badly wounded soldiers; miniature intensive care units that automatically monitor soldiers; and infusively treat soldiers being helicoptered from front lines to MASH units; and high-speed networks that can automatically fuse data from giant databases around the world. The most crucial component of future combat care, said Richard Satava, ARPA's biomedicine program manager, is the personal status monitor(PSM), a continuously worn monitor that he would like to see woven into the soldier's clothing. The PSM would monitor a wide range of vital signs and also host external communication, GPS and other functions. Tied into the PSM might be clothing with "sensate liners," that would detect projectile exit wounds and infer the organs damaged by defining the pathway from entry to exit wounds. Today's edition of Technology Transfer Week reports Satava is particularly excited about a dime-sized PSM sensor, originally developed to fit on bumblebees for radio tracking, that is woven into clothes, and mounts a tiny radio and vital signs sensor.
No author.(1995,June1)The Power of Thought.Daily Mail(London).Pg.40.
"...special electrodes being developed by researchers at the Wadsworth Centre in Albany USA. They attached electrodes to the scalps of volunteers and asked them to move a cursor towards a target on a video screen by thought. Tiny electromagnetic brain signals were amplified by a computer deciding when and how to move the cursor.
No author.(1995,Mar.25).Short Takes;American Topics.International Herald Tribune (France).Lexis-Nexis.
"...The brain emits electrical signals of only a millionth of a volts or so . But studies financed by the National Institutes of Health show that these signals can be amplified enough so that by conscious effort, the subject can move a cursor on a computer screen.
Stork, David G.(1996?).Hal's Legacy 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality.MIT Press. Pg.164.
"Raymond Kurzwell. ...There are already precursors of such a project. For example, a few years ago Carver Mead's company, Synaptics, created an artificial retina chip that is, essentially, a silicon copy of the neural organization of the human retina and its visual-processing, as the human brain does."
Smith, Cyril W. & Best, Simon.(1989). Electromagnetic Man. Pg. 236.
"A team at York University's Physics Department, for example, has built and tested a 'Faraday magnetometer' under contract to GCHQ, to pick up very weak magnetic fields, possibly for use in remote eavesdropping(The times, 1988)."