The history of government illegal experimentation:
No codification of the Nuremberg Code
or penalties under U.S. LawThe Nuremberg Code came into being as a result of the infamous medical experiments by the Nazis in WWII. Consent by the experiment subject was paramount and the code was adopted by the Department of Defense in the early 50s. In the article, "The only Feasible Means", Jonathan Moreno described the lengthy and highly classified discussions surrounding issue of experiments on humans that were needed as a result of the cold war with Russia. While the Nuremberg Code was adopted in a classified Pentagon policy, " cultural resistance, .was far more subtle and difficult to control. It was perhaps for this reason more than any other, that the policy's consent requirements were at best sporadically applied in the two decades that followed" (Hastings Center Report, p. 11). The anti-Communist sentiment dictated that the experiments be conducted in spite of much controversy among the top pentagon officials.
The relevancy of the above is also in its support of the plausibility of nonconsensual experimentation occurring after radiation experiments. How and why or why was the public policy not changed to avoid the problem in the future? It seems that the public was appeased with superficial changes after the expose of radiation experiments in 1993 and the subsequent investigation. Radiation experiments were illegal but condoned. There were government memos from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1947 stating, "It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on public opinion or result in legal suits." Top officials were legally abusing the rights of radiation victims. National Security classification was used to cover it up. This is how top officials can bypass the democratic process. Because the National Security Law has precedence over the rights of radiation victims, there is no recourse under the current law. There is no process by which current alleged victims can stop the electromagnetic experiments.
The radiation experiment investigation was ineffective to stop classified experiments from happening again because the Nuremberg Code was never codified under U.S. law and there has been little or no punishment for perpetrators of this crime. Few question the horror of Nazi atrocities in the Nuremberg experiments. And yet victims are alleging horrible human rights abuse with electromagnetic weapons which target the mind. In spite of the end of the cold war, it would seem that classified experiments are continuing as national security overrides the rights of experiment victims. H. Jack Geiger of the Physicians for Social Responsibility testified at a 1994 congressional hearing about his fears of classified experiments happening again because of "the likelihood, the possibility, that we will have some other intense national security scare.; that we will have some other development of a new category of weapon or potential weapon, whether.electronic, or other and that there will be the same desperate urgency, invoking national security and secrecy, to discover the parameters of this threat." Geiger advocated an independent review panel for classified experiments, but this has not been done. From this historical perspective, the cold war ideology can be seen as a major stumbling block in the nonconsensual experiment issue.
By covering up undemocratic and illegal behavior at top levels of the government, the victims of experiments on humans without their consent have been harmed via the lack of a checks and balances system under national security law. There has been a lack of effective U.S. law on experimentation and punishment for crimes such as radiation experiments has never become a statute or law. The underlying problem is governmental abuse of power via national security policy which allows classified experiments. Secrecy and the constitutional rights of the politically powerless experiment victims are in conflict.
Nonconsensual experimentation victims have been made politically powerless by the National Security Act. By defining the rules, those in power who hold the cold war ideology of national security interests at the cost of radiation victims. Those in power are able to carry out their policy. This is how the democratic system worked in practice for radiation victims and now for electromagnetic experiment victims.
The complexity of the issue is apparent. There is substantial historical evidence of another classified experiment program to develop electromagnetic weapons, like the radiation experiments. Without changes, the system will undoubtedly fail over and over in the same way. The codification of the Nuremberg Code and punishment for the perpetrators are essential.
Ethicists predict future illegal experimentation
Ethicist, Jonathan Moreno wrote an excellent 1999 book on radiation experiments conducted as a result of development of the atomic bomb, The CIA's LSD mind control experiments exposed in 1970 congressional hearings, aviation experiments for military flight by the Nazis, war related medical experiments by Japan. and microwave weapons as a source of future illegal experimentation . The book is "Undue Risk Secret State Experiments on Humans", 1999, W.H. Freeman and Co. Moreno stated that "in the next century, as in the past, military-medical research involving human subjects will be dictated by the limits of information available from other sources". Based on professional opinions, Moreno is one of many, it would be logical to conclude that there may be classified military weapon experiments that began in the 1950s and continue to this day. It is probable that nonconsensual experiments are conducted by highly classified cold war government bureaucracies to develop electromagnetic weapons and are similar to the atomic bomb Manhattan Project. The classified abuses such as radiation experiments are only now coming to light, fifty years later.
From the government's viewpoint, illegal cold war experiments on U.S. citizens has been the solution. In order to win an electromagnetic arms race, the effects of the weapons on the human body must be studied on human subjects. If there is an electromagnetic arms race, the U.S. would have to test the fundamental knowledge of how the brain and nervous system works for military purposes. Just as in radiation experiments, there would be baseline studies, fundamental stress experiments to find out how to apply electromagnetic technology to make the soldier a superior fighting machine and basic psychological warfare experiments on how to control the enemy, break personalities and scientifically demoralize the enemy.
Universal behavior: Scientists rationalize inhumane experimentation and show no remorse
George Annas stated the issue well in the Boston Globe, Nov. 27, 1996 Pg. A13. As many as 45% of German physicians joined the National Socialist Party, according to the JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association accounts. He continues, Nazi physicians rallied to see themselves as physicians first with a calling and an ethic dedicated to healing and caring for the welfare of human beings, Instead they were seduced by power and ideology to view the state as the 'patient' and to see the extermination of an entire people as 'treatment' for the state's health. The fact that we are not Nazis, the author added, does not mean we are immune from seduction by social, political, or economic organizations that seek to corrupt medicine for their own agendas.
Aviation experiments, such as atmospheric pressure effects on pilots, were conducted by the Nazis in the concentration camps. Since the 1950s, when the first satellite was launched by the Russians, space has been the new frontier. Based on victim testimony and applying the opinions of ethicists such as Jonathan Moreno and George Annas, author of "Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code", illegal, classified human experiments to study the effects of space on man would be the official, classified policy of the U.S. government, just as radiation experiments were.
Annas stated in his book that not one of the Nazi doctors on trial at Nuremberg showed any remorse, forgiveness or regret. Eileen Welsome stated in her 1999 book, "The Plutonium Files"", the same conclusion about the radiation doctors. They have not admitted guilt, wrongdoing or immoral behavior. Top scientists knew radiation experiments were unethical but they proceeded nonetheless. For example, the article by Geoffrey Sea, "The Radiation Story No One Would Touch", Columbia Journalism Review, March/April 1994 quoted a 1950 memo to the director of the Atomic Energy Commission, Shields Warren from Dr. Joseph Hamilton of UC Berkeley. The memo discussed the problems of experiments that had "a little of 'the Buchenwald touch' and that chimpanzees rather than humans should be used for experiments of radiation effects on cognitive functions.
The mentality involved in illegal experimentation is clear and hopefully the legal system will take note for future trials involving nonconsensual experimentation. This is an excerpt from "The Plutonium Files" page 479and 471.
Even though President Clinton, Energy Secretary Hazel O'Leary, and the Advisory committee had publicly acknowledged that many of the experiments were unethical, many scientists couldn't accept the idea that they or their peers had committed any wrongs. They maintained their belief that the ends they had pursued justified the means they used, expressed little or no remorse for the experimental subjects, and continued to bash O'Leary and the media for blowing the controversy out of proportion. Page 471. John Nuckolls, the former director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory who was also summoned to Washington, said he was taken aback by the way O'Leary had conducted the meeting. "And I was most startled when she invoked her grandmother in response to some of the arguments for why the tests needed to be done, saying she couldn't convince her grandmother of that. This was THE memorable remark of the meeting. I think I would have felt more comfortable if the issue had been addressed on its merits for the national security of the United States and not for what she, with her lack of understanding and appreciation, could explain to her grandmother. So she suddenly introduced this way of thinking about the problem-can we convince the non-technically trained and oriented person of the validity of these requirements. And I would say I was astonished when she did that."This radiation victim's comment illustrates the deep emotions surrounding the crime of illegal experimentation. As reported in the Sacramento Bee Oct. 16, 1999 article; " A federal jury Friday ordered Massachusetts General Hospital and a retired neurosurgeon to pay $8 million in damages to the families of two brain tumor patients who died 38 years ago from experimental nuclear treatments. .Wiping away tears after the jury awarded her $2.5 million, Evelyn Heinrich of Westwood, whose husband George,35, died from the treatments in 1961, said, "I have absolutely felt that the passage of time has not diminished these crimes, not for one minute. Human experimentation, what could be worse?"
Victims have reported that radiation scientists have conducted mind control experiments also. Dr. Sweet was accused of mind control experiments in a court case filed on behalf of Leonard Kille, an engineer who was implanted with electrodes. Dr. Sweet is the retired neurosurgeon mentioned in the 1999 article above. There has also been articles on Sweet's research of violence and prediction and his collaboration with CIA's L.J. West. (See CAHRA [now Mind Justice] website, Human rights article).
Here is a description of an unethical Russian experiment for space exploration. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1994 Vol. 50 Issue 3 page 16 "Cosmonauts Number Zero, After 20 years, the Soviet space program's human guinea pigs tell their story. by Nin Chugunova. "In 1960 to late 1970s, there was a secret group called "Cosmonauts Number Zero" .recruited human subjects in space research. The Institute of Medical Biological Problems "collected data on new technologies, data from different work modes, and of course, data on human endurance." One participant described one experiment. "Before the heart probe they gave me some substance that paralyzes all the muscles while you remain conscious. The psychological shock was so intense that it took me four months to recuperate. The procedure itself took four hours. I would lose consciousness, then wake up and think, this torture is still going on. I remember it with horror. It's horrible, horrible. " Across all nationalities, experiment victims are abused and the scientists display inhumane disregard for what they have done.
1994 U.S. illegal experiments in other countries
The April 29, 1998 London Times carried a front page article by Andrew Glasse in Oslo entitled "Experiments on patients alleged" The report continued,
"American and Norwegian hospitals were involved in sterilization experiments on mentally retarded people using radiation in an echo of the Nazi era. Most of the work was done during the Cold War but some continued until 1994, according to the Oslo daily Daglbladet. "With chilling echoes of the Nazi era, the Americans and Norwegians were intent upon assessing the effects of radiation on different parts of the body and apparently had no qualms about the use of subjects who were 'easy to deal with'. according to Fredrik Mellbye, 81, who revealed the shocking details of the project. He is a former colleague of the then director of Norway's health services. . Mr. Meilby said the Norwegian experiments were carried out with the co-operation of Americans 'at the highest level' and that Norwegian doctors were encouraged to seek US financial support. .public investigations in America have revealed that authorities there financed about 4,000 such experiments on humans between 1944 and 1994. "This could be analogized to the next major weapon after the atomic bomb, electromagnetic weapons, as victims are coming forward internationally with the same set of symptoms.
How illegal experiments can happen now
The government will never inform the public about nonconsensual experiments. There would be too much abuse to admit to, too many court cases to settle and plausible denial at the top levels of government. According to the 1990s government Radiation Advisory Report, this is how radiation experiments were conducted, (See "Plutonium Files" by Eileen Welsome, 1999).
Given the many victims reporting the same cluster of medical symptoms over fifty years and the history of secret government experiments, it is highly likely that there were and are electromagnetic technology nonconsensual human experiments. In addition, national security regarding electromagnetic technologies today is comparable to cold war security surrounding the atomic bomb. A 1997 US News and World Report article on 'Wonder Weapons', stated: "And for a good 40 years the U.S. military has quietly been pursuing [nonlethal electromagnetic] weapons of this sort. Much of this work is still secret," Louis Slesin, a trade publisher for the electromagnetic industry further stated, "People [in the military] go silent on this issue more than any other issue. People just do not want to talk about this."
As a result of the national security laws, government officials officially lie and the public will have to figure out what is going on without a trust in what the government says on the issue. But evidence in support of ongoing nonconsensual electromagnetic experimentation is available to those who investigate. Dr. Robert O. Becker, two time Nobel prize nominee, scientist and researcher of electromagnetic radiation effects on the body and author of Body Electric, summarized, " The government has never disproved the psychological effects of electromagnetic radiation." Becker quote from CNN news broadcast, Special Assignment, Nov.-1985, by Chuck DeCaro, "Is there an RF Gap Weapons of War". For a 55$ copy of this tape call CNN at 404 827 2712 and ask for R2501 #13, R2747 #33, R2501 #15, R2501-#17 This is an excellent tape featuring Dr. Ross Adey, Dr. Becker, the Russian Lida machine, Dr. Rauscher, Dr. Bise, Dr. Jose Delgado, Tom Bearden and more. It runs about 20 minutes.
Here is an answer to the reasoning "This could never happen." People are capable of unethical behavior, especially if there is no accountability. There are no checks and balances under the very powerful national security law. This is the pattern for radiation experiments and now electromagnetic weapon nonconsensual experimentation. "The U.S. government would never experiment on U.S. citizens today." This is a typical reply to nonconsensual experimentation victims. But by examining the evidence, the question becomes, "Why would the U.S. government NOT experiment on U.S. citizens today?"
There is an answer that isn't clear at first glance but by examining Stanley Milgram's experiments in 1974 on the willingness of individuals to follow orders that called for administering electric shocks to others, it becomes clearer. This famous experiment was recently quoted in a book for a graduate level government class, entitled The Dynamics of American Politics, Approaches & Interpretations, edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, 1994, Westview Press, page 292. It discussed narrow cognition and the established evidence for the idea that "the moral agency of humankind is substantially conditioned by narrow cognition(March and Simon,1958)" or by "the tendency to identify with others in one's immediate orbit of contacts and activities". This has implications for unethical experimentation on another human being. The horrendous radiation experiments by the U.S. government, the Nazi and the Japanese medical experiments, fit Milgram's narrow cognition model. It means that your neighbor or the person on the street has the capacity to torture and this is not in some distant foreign communist country as the cold war mentality has suggested. Please refer to CAHRA [now Mind Justice] website, human rights article for documentation on who and why people torture other people. It is not as uncommon as most believe.
Unregulated, unethical corporate experimentation today
A Sacramento Bee June 7, 2000 p A newspaper article entitled, "EPA rejects human experiments to set pesticide limits", stated
"Since the 1960s, chemical companies have quietly submitted to the EPA scores of studies in which humans were knowingly exposed to pesticides. Questions over the ethics of such tests returned to the spotlight two years ago when the Environmental Working Group, a Washington-based advocacy organization, reported a surge in human experiments in Britain in the 1990s. The researchers, working mainly for U.S. companies, paid youthful volunteers about $600 each to ingest small amounts of pesticides over several weeks, according to documents obtained by the environmental group. Last April, a similar study was conducted on student volunteers in Lincoln, Neb., by pesticide manufacturer Dow Agrosciences Ltd. Public outcry over such experiments let to the creation of the special EPA advisory committee on human experiments in July 1998. But instead of offering ethical guidance on the issue, the panel quickly bogged down into bitter and sometimes public disagreement over whether human tests could ever be ethically acceptable."
Example: [London] Times Article - Allies' Nazi-style tests
(London)
THE TIMES WEDNESDAY APRIL 29 1998
US and Norway
'used insane for
Nazi-style tests'From Andrew Glasse in Oslo
American and Norwegian hospitals were involved in sterilisation experiments on the mentally retarded using radiation over a 20-year period up to 1994.
Although most of the work was done during the Cold War, some experiments continued until as late as four years ago, according to the Oslo daily Dagbladet.
With chilling echoes of the Nazi era, the Americans and Norwegians were intent upon assessing the effects of radiation on different parts of the body and apparently had no qualms about the use of subjects who were "easy to deal with," according to Fredrik Mellbye, 81, who revealed the shocking details of the project. He is a former colleague of the then director of Norway's health services.
Last night the State Department in Washington was seeking clarification of the report from its embassy in Oslo.
"An unknown number of [.] had taken place. "I cannot remember that anyone at any time put their foot down to stop what was happening," he said. "Both authorities in the health services, psychiatrists and other doctors knew what was going on."
The revelations follow admissions by the Swedish authorities last year that 4,500 mental patients were made to undergo lobotomies in an officially sanctioned programme that lasted almost 20 years. Sweden has also admit- [.] sirable racial characteristics or signs of 'inferiority,' poor eyesight or sexual and social deviancy."
Last year the French launched an inquiry into reports that 15,000 Frenchwomen had been illegally sterilised without their consent after being declared unfit for motherhood. All were sterilised by state-run institutions.
Mr Mellbye said the Norwegian experiments were carried out with the co-operation of Americans "at the highest level" and that Norwegian doctors were encouraged to seek US financial support.
Dagbladet said public investigations in America have revealed that authorities there financed about 4,000 such experiments on humans between 1944 and 1994.
After Norway was liberated from Nazi occupation in 1945, it was eager for US military and economic assistance. When the Soviet Union, which shared a border with Norway, [.]